ARRAYS

#include<array>
std::array<int, 4> arr; // Declaration of std::array with type 'int' and size '4' 
size_t size = arr.size(); // Get the size of the array 
bool isEmpty = arr.empty(); // Check if the array is empty or not 
int first_Element = arr.front(); // Get the first element of the array 
int last_Element = arr.back(); // Get the last element of the array

VECTOR

Different ways to initialize a vector:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <numeric>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    // 1. Initializing by pushing values one by one:
    vector<int> vect; // Create an empty vector
    vect.push_back(10); // Pushing value 10
    vect.push_back(20); // Pushing value 20
    vect.push_back(30); // Pushing value 30
    // Output: 10 20 30

    // 2. Specifying size and initializing all values:
    int n = 3;
    vector<int> vect(n, 10); 
    // Create a vector of size n with all values as 10
    // Output: 10 10 10

    // 3. Initializing like arrays:
    vector<int> vect{ 10, 20, 30 }; 
    // Initialize a vector like an array
    // Output: 10 20 30

    // 4. Initializing from an array:
    int arr[] = { 10, 20, 30 };
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
    vector<int> vect(arr, arr + n); 
    // Initialize a vector from an array
    // Output: 10 20 30

    // 5. Initializing from another vector:
    vector<int> vect1{ 10, 20, 30 };
    vector<int> vect2(vect1.begin(), vect1.end());
    // Initialize a vector from another vector
    // Output: 10 20 30

    // 6. Initializing all elements with a particular value:
    vector<int> vect1(10); // Create a vector with size 10
    int value = 5;
    fill(vect1.begin(), vect1.end(), value); 
    // Initialize all elements with value
    // Output: 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

    // 7. Initialize an array with consecutive numbers using std::iota:
    vector<int> vec(5); // Declare a vector with size 5
    iota(vec.begin(), vec.end(), 1); // Initialize with consecutive numbers
    // Output: 1 2 3 4 5

    return 0;
}

Using iterators for different operations:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    // Iterators
    vector<int> g1;

    // Adding elements to the vector
    for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
        g1.push_back(i);

    // Output of begin and end:
    cout << "Output of begin and end: ";
    for (auto i = g1.begin(); i != g1.end(); ++i)
        cout << *i << " ";
    // Output: 1 2 3 4 5

    cout << endl << endl;

    // Output of cbegin and cend:
    cout << "Output of cbegin and cend: ";
    for (auto i = g1.cbegin(); i != g1.cend(); ++i)
        cout << *i << " ";
    // Output: 1 2 3 4 5

    cout << endl << endl;

    // Output of rbegin and rend:
    cout << "Output of rbegin and rend: ";
    for (auto ir = g1.rbegin(); ir != g1.rend(); ++ir)
        cout << *ir << " ";
    // Output: 5 4 3 2 1

    cout << endl << endl;

    // Output of crbegin and crend:
    cout << "Output of crbegin and crend: ";
    for (auto ir = g1.crbegin(); ir != g1.crend(); ++ir)
        cout << *ir << " ";
    // Output: 5 4 3 2 1

    return 0;
}

Capacity and size functions for vectors:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    // Capacity
    vector<int> g1;

    // Adding elements to the vector
    for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
        g1.push_back(i);

    cout << "Capacity:\n";
    cout << "Size: " << g1.size();
    // Output: Size: 5
    cout << "\nCapacity: " << g1.capacity();
    // Output: Capacity: 8
    cout << "\nMax Size: " << g1.max_size();
    // Output: Max Size: 4611686018427387903

    cout << endl << endl;

    // Resizing the vector size
    g1.resize(4);
    cout << "Size after resize: " << g1.size();
    // Output: Size after resize: 4

    cout << endl;

    // Checking if the vector is empty or not
    if (g1.empty() == false)
        cout << "Vector is not empty";
    else
        cout << "Vector is empty";
    // Output: Vector is not empty

    cout << endl;

    // Shrink the vector to fit its size
    g1.shrink_to_fit();
    cout << "Vector elements are: ";
    for (auto it = g1.begin(); it != g1.end(); it++)
        cout << *it << " ";
    // Output: Vector elements are: 1 2 3 4

    cout << endl << endl;

    // Element access
    cout << "Element Access:\n";
    cout << "Reference operator [g]: g1[2] = " << g1[2];
    // Output: Reference operator [g]: g1[2] = 3
    cout << "\nat